Aim of the study. To explore the remote results of reconstructive operations on replacement of post-resection defects of
articular ends of tubular bones, forming knee joint, with the help of different local and foreign endoprosthesis constructions.
To develop recommendations to creation of the new modular endosystem construction of knee joint, distal part of femur and
proximal part of tibia on the base of the given data. Materials and methods. More than 300 operations on knee joint, distal part of femur and proximal part of tibia endoprosthetics
with the usage of Sivash K.M. implants in modification of Zatsepin S.T., Kotsa, Beznoska, Stanmore, Finn, GMRS have
been done in the Department of Bone Pathology of adults. The results of the clinical application of these constructions, mainly
endoprosthesis «survival», were analyzed. Results. The modular endosystem of knee joint CITO-MATI, formed by titanic alloys, according to developed technologies,
successfully passed the circle of technical and medical tests and was applied to the batch production. Common functional
results and complications risk correspond in general with the best international data of the usage of new oncological and
modular endoprosthesis in last years. Conclusions. Application of the new modular endosystem will allow to improve the treatment results and life quality of patients
with bone tumors and tumor-like bone diseases of bones, forming knee joint.

Biopsy and operating material was analyzed in patients who were diagnosed with bone chondrosarcoma and underwent surgery in the departments of CITO clinic named by N. Priorov since 1987 to 2009 years. Clinical and morphological features of chondrosarcoma were assessed by three grade of malignancy which based on the histologic features such as the size of the nucleus, mitotic activity, the presence of binuclear and polynuclear cells, cell density, the nature of the extracellular matrix, as well as clinical and radiological data. Among 458 cases which were diagnosed during this period as a conventional chondrosarcoma, 228 cases (49,78%) were classified as a low, 152 (33,18%) as a middle and 78 (17,03%) as a high degree of malignancy. Regardless of grade chondrosarcoma most commonly affects the femur, pelvis, humerus. Histological differences of chondroproducing benign and lowgrade malignant tumors are minimal and greatly subjective, that dictates the necessity of more objective estimation methods to grade cartilage forming tumors. In the some cases, the histological criteria for malignancy of chondrosarcoma are depending on anatomical localization of the pathological process. Cytological and histological diagnosis of chondrosarcoma should be based on the data from the mandatory clinics and methods of radiation diagnosis in specialized centers, dealing with bone cancer.

Neurofibromatosis consists of several genetically separate diseases - neurofibromatosis type I, neurofibromatosis type II, shwannomatosis and several clinical syndromes of unknown origin. This review discusses diagnostic criteria of neurofibromatosis type I, neurofibromatosis type II, shwannomatosis, novel data on molecular-genetic characteristics, phenotype-genotype correlations, mechanisms of pathogenesis and treatment approaches.

Background. We studied the patients' outcome with respectable forms of malignant fibrous histiocytoma according to the
type of chemotherapy. Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of 53 patients with malignant fibrous histiocytoma treated in the N.N. Blokhins
Russian Cancer Research Center from 2000 to 2010. All patients underwent radical surgery. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
was administered in 7 (13%) patients, adjuvant chemotherapy - in 5 (9%), neo and adjuvant chemotherapy - in 13 (24%)
patients, chemotherapy was not done in 28 (54%) patients. Result. Progression of the disease was revealed in 6/7 (86%), 7/18 (39%), 17/28 (60%) respectively. Conclusion. Patients with MFH should be prescribed adjuvant chemotherapy for reducing the risk of relapse.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used (method of choice) in therapy monitoring and in further dynamic control. MRI allows to evaluate changes in tumor size and structure during the treatment. However, as a result of heterogeneity in structure of bone and soft tissue sarcomas, these criteria don't allow to determine the effect of treatment properly in all clinical cases. This happens because this method doesn't reflect the most important criteria - the tumor vascularization and changes in vascularization during treatment. Thus, a new physiological method of MRI such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE MRI) is being developed. DCE MRI provides the better evaluation of response to preoperative treatment due to its ability in detection of highly vascularized zones in different sites of the tumor, which correlate with regions of viable tumor on pathologic examination. DCE MRI provides different types of analyses of tumor changes during therapy: quantitative, semi-qualitative and qualitative. The following review of literature demonstrates the basic principles of DCE MRI in assessing the efficacy of treatment in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas.

Recurrence and metastasis make a big problem the treatment of patients with soft tissue extremely sarcoma. The appearance of distant metastases significantly reduces the overall survival. According to most publications, the same effect on the survival of the development of local recurrence is observed. Of particular interest is the group of patients with synchronous development of local and distant failure. The Department of General Oncology of Russian Cancer Research Center NN Blokhin in 2003-2008 have treated 27 patients with combined one-stage appearance of recurrent and metastatic process. The average time from onset of the primary tumor to the development of synchronous lesions was 11,1 months. The overall 3 year survival rate for this group of patients was 42%. We developed a staging system for patients with local recurrence of soft tissue sarcomas to form subgroups of patients with different rates of survival and rational treatment based on their prognosis.

Aim of the study. To estimate efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitizer «Photolon» in the treatment of patients with basal cell skin carcinoma by size of tumor more than 5 cm. Materials and methods. 32 patients with basal cell skin carcinoma by tumor size appropriate to T3-T4N0M0 were treated. PDT methods with external and interstitial laser irradiation and their combination with electrochemical lysis and radiotherapy were used. Results. The full regression of tumors T3N0M0 was observed in 84% cases, the partial regression in 16%, the relapses were revealed in 28,6% cases. The partial regression was marked in all patients with tumor size appropriate to T4N0M0. Absence of side reactions and complications allows to all patients with partial regression, extended growth of tumor and relapses to use repeated courses of PDT until achievement of full regression of tumor. Use of PDT methods with palliative aim to patients with basal cell skin carcinoma by tumor size appropriate to T4N0M0 allows tumor sizes to decrease, slow down tumor progression and improve life quality. Interstitial PDT and electrochemical lysis are increase efficiency of treatment. PDT in combination with radiotherapy allows dose of ionizing radiation (on 20-30%) and decrease risk of radiation complications. Conclusion. Photodynamic therapy is effective in the treatment of locally advanced basal cell skin carcinoma. PDT can be used alone and in combination with other methods.

During the last years study of survivin and other proteins from inhibitors of apoptosis family role in malignant transformation and tumor progression draws great attention. Survivin is expressed during the embryogenesis and is practically silent in all kinds of differentiated cells of adult organisms, but restarts its expression in the diversity of transformed cells types. Numerous attempts were made in order to use this protein as a diagnostic or prognostic marker as well as a target for anticancer therapy. Very recently published data evidences on survivin direct participation in the process of metastasis, what makes its study especially essential. Present review summarizes the modern knowledge, concerning the survivin structure and expression in human tumors. Special attention is drawn to its importance in different sarcomas development

Many drugs have been used for the treatment of cancer patients, but there is little information about how predictive factors can be used to aid treatment response and anticipate toxic effect related to anticancer treatment. There is a marked variability in drug handling between individual patients and this variability is based on genotyping individual patients. In this review we focus on genetic characteristics of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. We also discuss the most valuable genetic predictive factors that relate to the toxic effects experienced by cancer patients treated with anticancer chemotherapy and the future prospects in this field of investigation.