Melanoma rarely affects children, it composes up to 0,9% of all pediatric malignancies. In children, as in adults, there is sporadic melanoma and family history forms of cutaneous melanoma. There is a number of known genes with mutations that can lead to the development of melanoma. In this article we focused on possible molecular genetic changes that occur in the cutaneous melanoma, with special attention to germinal mutations presenting literature data and our own experience.

Vertebroplasty, stabilization, vertebrectomy Kidney cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancers in adults and about 90% of all malignant neoplasms of the kidney. Kidney cancer has a high metastatic potential. Thus, metastases in the spine are detected during diagnostics in 25-30% patients, and additional 25-50% cases are detected during treatment or at various times after the surgical treatment of the primary tumor. Mostly, kidney cancer bone metastases are multiple, however solitary spinal lesion occurs with a frequency of up to 30%. Non-surgical therapy for pathological vertebral fractures and neurological deficits is ineffective. At present, surgical treatment for metastatic spine lesions is divided into 2 types: radical and palliative. Radical surgical treatment of solitary metastases of kidney cancer in the spine significantly increases overall survival. Palliative surgical treatment of metastatic spine injury can improve the quality of life in more than 80% of patients. However, the choice of surgical treatment tactics for patients with metastases in the spine remains an urgent issue, which requires additional research. Another urgent matter would be to create a universal algorithm of patient examination and extent of surgical operation estimation. At the time oncologists use various oncoorthopedic scales to determine the prognosis and extent of operation, unfortunately, they do not take into account the development of metastatic kidney cancer and the possibilities of modern systemic treatment. In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted on the research of possible factors that may predict the survival of patients with disseminated kidney cancer and created predictive models R.J. Motzer, D. Heng. However, these scales do not take into account the orthopedic aspects and there are no recommendations for performing a surgical treatment of metastatic spine injury, therefore, without appropriate adaptation, they cannot be used in oncortopedics. Treatment of patients with metastases of kidney cancer in the spine is a complex and urgent problem that still does not have unified standards and requires additional research.

Sacrococcygeal chordomas are relatively rare, locally invasive, malignant neoplasms. The prognosis for patients with chordoma of the sacrum is reported to be poor, the value of adjuvant treatment is uncertain, and resection remains the primary mode of treatment, even though most of the patients might subsequently have significant complications. Neurologic impairment and disability are the most common complications. The severity and extent of neurological impairment depends upon the level of tumor involvement. Chordomas are difficult to excise completely, but recent improvements in imaging and surgical techniques have allowed surgeons to perform more frequently en-bloc sacral resections with wide surgical margins. In this paper we review the clinical presentation and discuss the current treatment techniques and outcomes.

Breast sarcomas (BS) are the group of rare malignant tumors of the breast, the optimal treatment is still under discussion. Patients and methods. We retrospectively reviewed 51 patients with BS between 1999 and 2017 in National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Blokhin. Results. Five-year recurrence-free survival and OS rate were 37,5 and 56,2%, respectively. With median follow-up of 86,4 months, 43,14% patients (22/51) were found with local recurrence and metastasis. Conclusion. Disease stage and local recurrence were indicated as unfavorable prognostic factors. Surgery remains crucial treatment for breast sarcomas. Mastectomy is not routinely necessary if clear margin could be achieved by local excision. The combined approach is necessary in the treatment of high-grade sarcomas, taking into account the morphological and immunohistochemical parameters of the tumor.

The search for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pediatric patients with rhabdoid tumors is under way. As illustrated by this case report, etoposide/ifosfamide combination could be used as neoadjuvant treatment for patient with rhabdoid tumor.

For the first time in Russia diagnostic systems for detection of motor and postural disorders in patients with tumors of musculoskeletal system was described. The application of diagnostics of motor and postural disorders in patients with tumors of musculoskeletal system at all stages of combined treatment allows to have an individual approach to the extent of rehabilitation, to adjust the treatment plan and evaluate the results objectively.

The purpose of this systematic review is to identify the dependence of the subtype of breast cancer and the risk of developing a local-regional recurrence after breast-conserving surgery and radical mastectomy. The main predictors in the development of relapse in breast cancer can be considered young age, the degree of tumor malignancy, the size of the tumor node, the presence of lymphovascular invasion or lymph node involvement and adverse tumor subtypes. At present, there is no single-valued data on the choice of surgical treatment tactics for various biological subtypes, however effective systemic therapy as well as radiotherapy reduces the frequency of local recurrences after performing breast-conserving surgery in unfavorable tumor subtypes and, according to the results of studies, the overall and disease-free survival is comparable, as in the case of mastectomy. Breast-conserving surgery can be performed in young patients with unfavorable tumor subtypes, provided all the possibilities of modern chemoradiotherapy are used.